The Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War (1917–23) brought drastic political and economic change, as well as great social and cultural transformation. Old ways of seeing and thinking were to be replaced, and radical artists ushered in a state-supported artistic revolution that was just as bold. In 1921 Alexander Rodchenko abandoned painting and by 1924 had embraced photography as the medium for this new era. Photography was technologically modern and capable of representing the world through an ever-mobile and industrial lens. Rodchenko pioneered techniques in photomontage, explored his subjects using dynamic angles—“worm’s eye” and “bird’s eye” views—and produced jarring close-up  portraits.

In the late 1920s and 1930s, a culture of physical strength and sport was central to the Soviet concept of the “new man,” and feminist ideas proposed a new role for women as comrades at work and equal partners in social relations. Here, women with short hair and athletic uniforms take on that role on the university athletic fields in Lefortovo, Moscow.